Folyóiratcikkek - idegen nyelvű (RKI)

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    The geographical problems of administrative reforms in Hungary
    (1991) Hajdú, Zoltán
    A magyar rendszerváltás sajátossága, hogy a háromoldalú politikai kerekasztal megbeszélések eredményeként kompromisszumos és békés jellegű volt. Még az állampárti parlament fogadta el, vezette át az alkotmánymódosításokat. Az új társadalmi, politikai struktúráknak megfelelően a szovjet típusú tanácsrendszerrel szemben ismét létrejött a magyar közigazgatási hagyományoknak megfelelő önkormányzati típusú közigazgatás. Az önkormányzatok (község, város, megye, Budapest és kerületei) rendkívül liberális önszerveződési lehetőségeket kaptak, a magyar önkormányzati közigazgatás - különösen a községi - sohasem rendelkezett ilyen széles lehetőségekkel. Az önkormányzatok között nincs hierarchikus, alá-, fölé rendeltségi viszony, de az önkormányzatok nagyságuk és igényük alapján különböző feladatok ellátását vállalhatják. A megye elvesztette korábbi politikai és hatalmi pozícióit, valójában középfokú intézményfenntartó társulássá vált.
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    The changing representations of Finland in geographical texts in Hungary: a contextual analysis
    (1995) Hajdú, Zoltán; Paasi, Ansi
    The present article first discusses in theoretical terms the social construction of ideas of the 'Other', i. e. the representations in which the Other is depicted in favourable or disparaging ways. It then attempts to trace the cultural, political and social processes that are typically involved in the construction of representations. As an empirical illustration it provides a historical analysis of the changing images of Finland projected at different times in geographical texts in Hungary. The images are referred to their historical, political and cultural contexts and the relations between the two states. Finland has by tradition been represented as linguistically a kindred country, and the stereotypic descriptions of Finland and the Finns before World War TI were in general favourable. After the war, however, Hungary soon became a member state of the communist eastern block while Finland remained a capitalist western state, and this led to a rapid change in the representation of Finland, which was now treated much more neutrally as one of the western capitalist states, albeit one that had good relations with the Soviet Union, the leader of the eastern block. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the eastern block the former image of a related nation has gained support again. The general aim of this article is to provide a framework for interpreting the historical production of spatial images and representations.
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    Re-industrialisation in the World and in Hungary
    (2008) Czirfusz, Márton; Barta, Györgyi; Kukely, György
    The global industrial division of labour has changed rapidly in recent years. Relocation activities have become particularly vigorous after 2000. Industry has quickly shifted from one country to another. In some countries (e.g. the US and in Western Europe), de-industrialisation has been dominant, while other countries have experienced a marked process of industrialisation. In the meantime, developing countries have increased their overall contribution to global industrial output and labour. Both traditional and new (or high-tech) industrial sectors have displayed high growth rates. The peripheries of Europe, including CEE countries, are characterised by reindustrialisation, although traditional industries are on the decline. In other words, industrial structure has also changed in this part of Europe, but industry as such continues to drive economic development. In these countries, foreign direct investment and international relocation have had a crucial impact on the relevant processes. The three-fold distinction between de-industrialisation, industrialisation and re-industrialisation can prove useful also when studying the case of one particular country. This paper focuses specifically on changes in the Hungarian economy. We will first define the key concept of (re-/de-)industrialisation in general terms and provide an overview of global trends. We then go on to show that from the mid-1990s more and more Hungarian regions have witnessed re-industrialisation processes, most significantly counties in Hungary’s western regions. We will conclude that, regional differences notwithstanding, industry remains the key economic sector for the country’s economic development.
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    Neighbourhood dynamics and socio-spatial change in Budapest
    (2011) Földi, Zsuzsanna; Kovács, Zoltán
    In this paper the socio-spatial differentiation that has taken place in the metropolitan region of Budapest since the change of regime is analysed. It is intended to show how local underlying structures and new regulatory contexts (e.g. free market, local urban policies) as well as legacies of the past work together in setting a diverse path of development within the city. In line with the objective in the analytical part of the paper the overall pattern of socio-spatial change in the metropolitan region is analysed with the aid of census data. This is followed by the interpretation of empirical research data gathered in different neighbourhoods of the city as part of an international research project. It is demonstrated that with the post-socialist transition the locational preferences of relevant stakeholders (both residents and investors) changed significantly which caused a sharp turn in the trajectory of the individual urban zones. This included the rediscovery of the city-centre, a slow but steady upgrading and gentrification of the historical residential quarters, the gradual social erosion in the housing estates, decline and later re-investment in the industrial brown field zone, and a boom, and later stagnation in the suburban areas. However, due to local policies and global effects (e.g. global financial crisis) individual development tracks of neighbourhoods are gaining importance in Budapest, making the pattern of investment-disinvestment more mosaic like within the same urban zone. As a consequence it is almost impossible to assess one urban zone as a homogeneous area, and set in a universal model. Dynamics more and more depend on local efforts and mechanisms. The study demonstrates that local forces are increasingly powerful in urban development and the overall future of the cities seems to depend on the total sum of efforts, investments and quality of change in its neighbourhoods.
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    Urbanisation, state formation processes and new capital cities in the Western Balkans
    (2011) Hajdú, Zoltán; Rácz, Szilárd
    The collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the formation of new states on the former territory of the SFRY affected not only the citizens of the former Yugoslavia, but also all states on the Balkan Peninsula. Greece had serious reservations over the establishment of the Republic of Macedonia. The collapse of the SFRY has also meant that in some Yugoslav successor states proportion of Albanian inhabitants has become signifi cant and their economic and political importance has grown. Instead of former inner administrative borders, new state borders have been raised. Some of the new borders have turned into closed ones, and almost give the appearance of classical military borders. International borders and crossing facilities have divided special state units in the former unitary political geographical space. The most uncomfortable question within the “separation process” was: “Who has the right to self-determination?” Within the complicated political situations an ambition manifested itself that the “peoples”, the “nations”, the republics, “the majority settlement areas” have a right to and opportunity for self-determination. The past two decades have brought basic changes in the whole Balkan Peninsula, especially on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, where spatial structures and settlement network were not devoid of changes either. Historical and political literature studying the single countries’ transformation is large and far reaching, however, urban network and spatial structure focused overview has been, so far, missing from the range of research.
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    Bargaining, learning and control: Production of consumption spaces in post-socialist context
    (2012) Nagy, Erika
    Post-socialist economies that had been considered as markets of high growth potential by retailers grew increasingly contested during the last decade. The growth and restructuring in the retail sector resulted in a deeper embedding into global flows of goods, increasingly diverse consumption spaces, and changing socio-spatial practices. At the same time, the shifts and turns in the discourses over consumption and citizenship reflected the variety of social interests related to this issue and also the rise of new agents challenging major retailers’ dominance. This paper is focused on various interconnected strategies and practices – those of producers, retailers, property developers, local political elites and consumers – that are “at work” in post-socialist countries, producing new landscapes of shopping and driving discourses over consumption through which, individual and collective identities are constructed. Corporate strategies of retailers, such as their deeper embedding into post-socialist markets through the construction of supplier chains, branding policies, and exploiting local personal networks are analysed in political economic approach. Moreover, socio-spatial practices of consumers, whose decisions were (are) shaped by corporate strategies, as well as by experiencing and learning from past and recent changes are also discussed to reveal how new meanings are attached to various spaces. The findings that rest on series of case-studies focused on Hungary (Debrecen, Békéscsaba; Southeast Hungary) might support a better understanding of the production of consumption spaces and of socio-spatial inequalities in a post-socialist context.
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    L'expérimentation de l'approche LEADER en Hongrie et en République tcheque: Deux logiques poitiques différentes
    (2012) Póla, Péter
    The transfer of the local development model in the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (2007-2013) implies learning a new form of public action based on initiatives borne by local stakeholders. One of the objectives of the LEADER Program is to improve the governance of rural areas through a bottom-up approach to local development. Are the conditions for carrying it out it in each country’s institutional context capable of boosting citizen participation in collective actions and consolidating local democracy? Defined and formulated at the EU level, the Leader approach has been transposed by member states in different ways and incorporated in each country’s system of local government in line with political strategies for establishing “action areas” that differ in their territorial coverage and articulation with institutional units. Empirical research sheds light on how local action groups have been shaped through the formation of partnerships and networks. The positions adopted by a few mayors on the local scene provide evidence of the emergence of a genuine political leadership.
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    Situation of Hungarian geography in the early twenty-first century
    (2012) Farkas, Jenő Zsolt; Hoyk, Edit
    From time to time papers dealing with the place of geography on the current map of science, with the justification of its existence – reciting links to the practical life – are published in the Hungarian and international scientific literature. In our opinion, according to the literature and the native situation, the recession of the importance of geography is worldwide. That is why it is worthwhile to survey the related Saxon scientific literature from the last years, to analyse the possible development potentials in regarding of the survival of geography and geographic idea. The goal is to come forward with suggestions concerning the future of geography – independently from the affected field (physical or human geography) – by installing these ideas into the native institutional system, and to the scientific and sector-specific structure.
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    Preliminary assessment of the scattered farm development programme in Hungary
    (2012) Farkas, Jenő Zsolt; Kovács, András Donát; Perger, Éva
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